2019

Bacterial Status in The Ground Water of Ramachandrapuram and Serilingampally, Telangana, India

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Abstract:
Groundwater plays an important role to cater the needs of the consumer when there is shortage of municipal water supply or potable water. In the present investigation, two groundwater samples, S-I at Ramachandrapuram (Medak district) and S-II at Serilingampally (Rangareddy district) were studied to assess the Total Coliform bacteria, Faecal Coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli. The average number of Total Coliform Bacterial colonies were 279/100ml at Station-I and 843/100ml at Station-II. The Faecal Coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli were completely absent at both the Stations during the study period. It is interesting to note that at Station-I, Total Coliform Bacteria were highest i.e. 517/100ml during the pre-monsoon season. At Station-II, Total Coliform Bacteria were highest in post-monsoon season i.e. 1207/100ml which can be attributed to the seepage entering into the groundwater. According to BIS 1983 and WHO 1984, the bacteria must be ˂ 10/100ml. The average Total Coliform Bacterial colonies at Ramachandrapuram, S-I were 279/100 ml and 843/100 ml at Serilingampally, S-II respectively. Hence this study clearly indicated that the groundwaters cannot be used for drinking purposes.

Keywords:
Total Coliform Bacteria, Faecal Coliform Bacteria, Escherichia Coli, Groundwater.

Total Alkalinity and Total Hardness in the Ground Water of Ramachandrapuram and Serilingampally, Telangana, India

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Abstract:
Groundwater is found in vast quantities filling the spaces between grains of soil or rock. Water from rain and rivers migrates through the ground and is stored in soil and rocks. The present study was on the groundwaters of Ramachandrapuram S-I and Serilingampally S-II. In this paper, Total Alkalinity and Total Hardness were focussed. Alkalinity is an index of the buffering capacity of water. In the present work, Total Alkalinity average was 286 mg/l and 283mg/l at Station-I, Ramachandrapuram and Station-II, Serilingampally respectively. According to BIS (1983) and WHO (1984), the standard limit given is 0.6–1.2 mg/l and 1.5 mg/l respectively. At Station-I, Total Alkalinity is 23.83 times more than BIS and 19.06 times more than WHO at Station-I. Similarly at Station-II, Total Alkalinity was 23.58 times more than BIS and 18.86 times more than WHO. Hence the groundwaters cannot be used for drinking purpose.

Total Hardness is expressed in terms of lather produced while using soap. Soft water produces lather when we use soap whereas hard water precipitates. The Total Hardness average at Station-I was 354 mg/l and 308 mg/l at Station II respectively. According to Glohmann and Wassers (1976), if the average Total Hardness value is 180 mg/l and above, they are classified as VERY HARD. Hence the groundwaters at Station I and Station II are VERY HARD. They cannot be used for drinking purpose. The study clearly indicated that the two groundwaters cannot be used for drinking purpose based on Total Alkalinity and Total Hardness.

Keywords:
Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Groundwaters, Telangana

Ionic Content of Saroornagar Lake using Maucha Diagrams

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Abstract:
In the present investigation, ionic content of Saroornagar lake was studied during the year 2011-2012. The ions were Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Chlorides, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Sodium. Carbonates were absent throughout the study period. This may be due to the combined effect of temperature, pH and Carbonates. The Bicarbonates concentration was high throughout the study. The anion Chloride showed high values, then Sodium, Magnesium and Calcium. This may be due to the leaching of minerals from rocks and saline deposits. Seepage of sewage and industrial wastes increased the Chloride contents. It was 32 times more than the Fresh waters (Bowen, 1966) and 15 times more than Swedish Hard Waters (Rodhe, 1949). High concentration of Magnesium 31.7 mg/l was observed in summer and high concentration of calcium 68.96 mg/l was recorded in monsoon season. In the summer season, the anions HCO3- > Cl- while cations were Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+> K+. In monsoon and winter season, anions were HCO3- > Cl- while cations were Na+ > Ca2+ > K+> Mg2+. Only in summer season Mg2+ > K+ in Saroornagar lake. This may be due to high rate evaporation which takes place in lake water. Similar trend was observed in Mir Alam lake by Hemalatha and Johnson (2016).

Keywords:
Ionic content, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Chlorides, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium and Maucha Diagrams.

2018

Air Quality Index at Abids, Hyderabad

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Abstract:
Rapid Industrialization & Urbanization coupled with increase in vehicular traffic in urban areas has become threat to air quality. An Air Quality Index is an interpretive technique, which transforms complex data on measured atmospheric pollutant concentrations into a single number or set of numbers in order to make the data more reasonable. When two or more pollutants are present in the air in significant amounts, the cumulative effect is observed using Air Quality Index. AQI gives clear picture of Air Quality. The parameters used for Air Quality Index are SO2, NOx & SPM. In the present study Air Quality Index was calculated at Abids Site to evaluate the status of air pollution continuously and to assess its impact on human health.

Keywords:
Air Quality Index, SO2, NOx, RSPM, TSPM & Abids.

Air Pollutant NOx at Hyderabad City, Telangana

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Abstract:
Population Explosion, Increasing Automobiles, Rapid Industrialization and Urbanization is deteriorating the quality of air in the developing cities in India. In the present investigation NOx was analysed at IDA Nacharam & Abids. NOx contributes to Global warming. The concentration of NOx at Abids was 28.34 µg/m³ while at IDA Nacharam it was 24.70 µg/m³. The Rate of Accumulation for NOx was 3.85 µg/m³ for 1 year, for 10 years its rate will be 38.50 µg/m³ & for 50 years it will be 192.50 µg/m³. Steps are taken to be taken to control its emission. This study throws light on the quality of air so that proper initiative measures can be implemented. The Air Quality is important to protect the health of the citizens residing in a particular City.

Keywords:
Air Pollutant, NOx, IDA Nacharam, Abids.

2017

Some Diatoms of Jurala Reservoir, Mahabubnagar District, Telangana

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Abstract:
The water samples were collected from Jurala Dam situated on Krishna River. The present paper deals with the taxonomic enumeration of 10 taxa belonging to 3 genera namely - Nitzschia, Amphora and Cymbella which were investigated from Jurala Reservoir in Mahabubnagar district Telangana.

Key words:
Diatoms, Jurala Dam, Telangana.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Jurala Reservoir

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Abstract:
The present investigation attempts to the study the physico- chemical properties of Jurala reservoir, dist. Mahaboobnagar Telangana. It is medium size reservoir across the river krishna for fisheries and agriculture. The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, PH and dissolved oxygen have been studied. The seasonal variations in the above environmental parameters were followed for a period of one year from September 2014 to September 2015.

Key words:
Physico- chemical conditions, seasonal variations, reservoir.

2016

Total Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium in Mir Alam Lake, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

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Abstract:
The present study focuses on physico-chemical nature of Mir Alam Lake. Water samples were collected from three sampling stations (S1, S2 & S3) and were analysed at monthly intervals for a period of one year from August 2011 – July 2012. These samples were analysed for Total Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium. The Total Hardness was 466.77mg/l, Calcium was 70.88mg/l and Magnesium was 70.45mg/l. Total Hardness of Mir Alam Lake water exceeded the permissible limits given by IS 2012 and was within permissible limits given by WHO 1985 while Calcium was within the permissible limits Magnesium exceeded the permissible limits of IS 2012 and WHO 1985. Necessary measures are to be taken to conserve the lake.

Keywords:
Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Mir Alam Lake.

Total Hardness in Durgham Cheruvu, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

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Abstract:
The present study deals with the physico-chemical nature of Durgham Cheruvu waters. Water samples from 3 sites were collected monthly for one year from August 2012 to July 2013 and analyzed for Total Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium.Total Hardness was 165.28mg/l; Calcium 44.47 mg/l and Magnesium 29.37 mg/l. Based on Total Hardness the water of Durgham Cheruvu were within the permissible limits given by IS : 2012 and WHO : 1985.But according to Glohmann, 1976, Durgham Cheruvu waters are HARD. There is need to protect the waters from becoming very HARD.

Keywords:
Durgham Cheruvu, Total Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium.

Heavy Metals in the Groundwater of Medak and Hyderabad Districts of Telangana, India

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Abstract:
This paper deals with heavy metal concentration in the ground waters of Medak and Hyderabad districts located in Telangana, India. Four bore wells, SI, SII, SIII and SIV located in Medak and Hyderabad districts were identified and analyzed for a period of one year. Groundwaters from all these stations were used for drinking as well as other domestic purposes. In the groundwaters of Medak, Pb and Cd were analyzed while at Hyderabad, Zn, Pb and Cr. Pb was below detectable limits i.e., BDL at SI, II and III while at SIV it was 0.027 mg/l which is below the permissible limits given by WHO 1984 and BIS 1983. Cd concentration at SI and SII were 0.13mg/l and 0.10mg/l which was higher than the permissible limits. The concentration of Zn was 0.017mg/l at SIII and BDL at SIV which once again was below the permissible limits. Cr concentration which was 0.027mg/l and 0.037mg/l at SIII and SIV respectively was well within the permissible limits. Interestingly, the ground water samples from SI and SII exceeded the permissible limits in Cd. Hence, unfit for human consumption. Alternate measures must be made for drinking purpose like supply of potable water or bottled water etc. Potable water protects the health of the individual which leads the progress of the state and nation at large.

Keywords:
Heavy Metals, Groundwater, Medak, Hyderabad.

Ionic Composition of Ibrahimpatnam Lake, R.R.District, Telangana, India

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Abstract:
Ibrahimpatnam Lake which is a fresh water Lake, was taken up for ecological investigation over a span of one year April 2014 – March 2015. According to the Hydrogen ion composition , the waters of, Ibrahimpatnam Lake were alkaline with a pH of 7.5 .The cations CO3- were 27.8 mg/l HCO3- were 219.4 mg/l and Cl- were 230.28 mg/l . The anion pH and the cation Cl- were within the permissible limits given by BIS(1983), WHO(1984) & ICMR(1975). Based on the Relative Proportion of anions, HCO3- was dominant during the summer while it was Cl- dominated during the Rainy & Winter seasons in this Lake. The anion Cl- in Ibrahimpatnam Lake was 30 times more than fresh water give by Bowen 1966 and 14 times more than Swedish Hardwaters given by Rodhe 1949.

Keywords:
pH, CO3- - , HCO3- & Cl-

Chlorides in Durgham Cheruvu, Hyderabad Telangana, India

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Abstract:
The present analysis deals with the study of physico-chemical nature of water from Durgham Cheruvu. Water from 3 sites were collected monthly for one year from August, 2012 to July, 2013 analyzed for parameters like chlorides, pH, atmospheric temperature, water temperature and humidity. Throughout the study period chlorides in water were 21 folds higher than normal value 8.3mg/l according to Livingstone 1963. The atmospheric and water temperatures are directly proportional to chloride concentration and the humidity is inversely proportional to chloride concentration in lake water. Therefore, the high levels of Cl was influenced by domestic sewage into the lake water in monsoon and evaporation in summer. Thereby there is an urgent need to evolve plan to protect the lake.

Keywords:
Chlorides, Seasonal Variations, Durgham Cheruvu.

2015

Total, Dissolved and Suspended Solids of Ibrahimpatnam Lake, R.R. District, Telangana, India

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Abstract:
Ibrahimpatnam Lake, which is Fresh water Lake, was taken up for ecological investigation, over a span of one year. According to Bruvold and Panborn 1966 the waters of Ibrahimpatnam Lake at 1 and site2, are unacceptable for drinking purpose. According to BIS 1983 and WHO 1984 the water quality is beyond the permissible limit and cannot be used for drinking purpose.

Keywords:
Total Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Ibrahimpatnam Lake.

Ground Water Quality of Bogole Mandal, S.P.S.R. Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Abstract:
Water is the mirror of life and is essential for drinking purpose. Protected water supply is very essential for population. In the present study, pH, chlorides, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total dissolved solids, fluoride, nitrate and phosphates were assessed to note the chemistry and quality of bore well water in Bogole mandal, Nellore district. The pH of J.P. Gudur was 5.5 and Nagulavaram 6.0 mg/L which is below the permissible limits given by WHO (1984) and BIS (1983). These waters are acidic and cannot be used for drinking purpose. Extremely high amounts of total alkalinity and chlorides were recorded. The housewife complained of scale formation in the cooking vessels and white precipitate formation in the buckets. Highest Calcium concentration of 422.44 mg/L was seen in Nagulavaram which is double the limits given by WHO. Total Dissolved Solids in Bogole was 3600 mg/L which was 2 – 3 times more than the permissible limits given by WHO and BIS. Based on Bruvold et.al., 1966, T.D.S of Nagulavaram and Talluru fall into good category. A.B.K falls into fair category, Kovurupalli, J.P. Gudur, S.G.V.K falls under poor category and V.N.R pet and Bogole into unaccepatable category. Highest phosphate concentration was seen in Bogole which was 208 times more than the limits given by BIS which may be due to use of artificial fertilizers in this region. High chlorides and total alkalinity in these ground waters forced people to buy mineral plant water for drinking purpose. This problem can be solved by simple techniques which are economically feasible among the consumers. Individual environmental awareness has to be created among the public to boil and to use ground water to protect their health.

Keywords:
Ground Water, pH, Chlorides, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphates, Bogole Mandal.

Plants as Air Pollutant Absorbers - Modified APTI Abids, Hyderabad, Telangana

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Abstract:
Air being an important & vital component of earths environment and slight change in its composition can have varied effects on growth & development of organisms on this Planet. Rapid Industialization & Urbanization coupled with increase in vehicular traffic in urban areas has become threat to air quality. Air Pollutants released by Automobiles exerts detrimental effects on vegetation. In the present study Evaluation of Modified Air Pollution Tolerance Index [Modified APTI] of 15 selected plants was carried out to assess their response to ambient levels of air pollutants along the commercial roadways of Abids. Based on Modified APTI 7-Tolerant , 3-Intermediate & 4-Sensitive Plants were identified. The 7-Tolerant plants were Peltaphorum pterocarpum [DC] Hayne, Delonix regia [Bojer ex.Hook] Raf., Tecoma stans [L] Juss.ex.Kunth, Thespesia populanea [L] Sol ex.Correa, Azadiracta indica L, Pongamia pinnata L, Terminalia catappa L can be employed as sinks for vehicular pollutants.

Keywords:
Abids, Air Pollutants, Intermediate Plants, Modified APTI, Sensitive Plants, Tolerant Plants.

Plants as Bioindicators based on Air Pollution Tolerance Index

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Abstract:
In the present study 30 Plants i.e. 10-Trees, 12-Shrubs and 8-Herbs growing in various places of Hyderabad city were selected and analysed for certain physiological and bio-chemical parameters, pH of the leaf extract, Leaf Relative Water Content, Ascorbic acid content and Total chlorophyll content. Based on these parameters APTI (Air Pollution Tolerance Index) values were calculated. Plants absorb the air pollutants and they act as natural-sinks, depending on the APTI values the plants are categorized into “Tolerant” species and “Sensitive” species. According to the present study Azardirachta indica, Peltaforum alba and Cassia species among the trees; Annona squamosa, Ocimum sanctum and Hibiscus rosasinensis among the shrubs; Tridax procumbence, Portula species and Croton species among the herbs- are the “Tolerant” species. These tolerant plants can be used as bioindicators to monitor the health of the environment. The tolerant plants can also be used by the landscapers for planting them on either side of roads, parks, dividers etc.

Keywords:
Plants, Bioindicators, APTI- Air Pollution Tolerance Index.

Women in Slums their Health, Economy and Environmental Aspects

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Abstract:
In developing countries like India and emerging urban cities like Greater Hyderabad most of the population migrates from the villages to earn their livelihood. Due to low socio economic status of their families the women are tend to do work for the sustenance of life along with the men. In the cities they live in places where the rent is low, generally on either side of the roads, railway lines and canals where they make their temporary abode. Women play a key role in performing various duties at the work place, in the house-hold affairs and in the society. On an average women work much longer hours than men. In India almost 30% to 40% of women are marginal workers supporting family income in various ways like - agricultural workers, daily labourers in construction fields, in industries, factories and domestic services etc., most often they remain unrecognized whereas their contribution is major on global economy. Women are exposed to various levels of stress both physically and mentally as they perform dual roles of production and reproduction ultimately leading to health hazards. In the present study the work on - women health aspects with respect to the socio-economic conditions is carried out and the stress levels are observed in women - In children (aged 3-12yrs); In teenagers (aged 13-19yrs); In middle aged women (20-49yrs); In old aged women (50yrs and above). In this study 21 families (with total number 104 individuals) living in a slum area were surveyed and 49 female individuals were studied based on a questionnaire.

The following conclusions were drawn from the above study -

1. Women contribute 40% to the total income of their families.

2. Overcrowding is a common phenomenon in their residences.

3. Kitchen rooms are not separate and the cooking fuel they use is Kerosene

4. Children between 3-12yrs showed allergy of skin.

5. Teenagers between 13-19 exhibited falling & greying of hair and also anaemia.

6. Middle aged women between 20-30yrs exhibited falling & greying of hair and from 31-49yrs complained of headache, a common symptom in anaemia in both was known.

7. Old aged women suffered with joint pains & arthritis.

As there is a definite need to protect the health of women more priority is given to various health problems and diseases in women which may affect the progress of developing nation.

Keywords:
Women and Health.

2014

Climate Change on Saroornagar Lake, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Abstract:
This paper discussed clearly the range, average and seasonal variations of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Alkalinity, Bicarbonates, Chlorides, Nitrites, Phosphates and Oxidisable Orgnic Matter in Saroornagar Lake during the years September 2011 to August 2012. Progression of trophy was seen in pH, Nitrites and Phosphates. pH was shifting more towards acidic which may cause irritation to the organisms living in Saroornagar Lake. Nitrites increased 20,000 times and Phosphates 4,150 times. Steps must be taken to curb further encroachment by housing colonies and dumping of untreated sewage into the lake. This increase in nitrogen and phosphates add to eutrophication or trophy of the lake which in course of time cause death or disappearance.

Keywords:
Climate, Nitrites, pH, Phosphates, Trophy.

2013

Is Lake Banjara on the Verge of Death?

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Abstract:
This paper focuses on Lake Banjara situated in Hyderabad Metropolis. Lakes are disappearing because of man’s indiscriminate encroachment of its catchment area and dumping of untreated sewage etc. In the year 2012, Nitrates, Phosphates, Chlorides, Silicates, Total Solids and Oxidisable Organic Matter were studied. These parameters were compared to the work done during the years 1980, 1990 and 1998. The accumulation of these parameters for one year is calculated. The highest rate of accumulation @ year was seen in the nutrient phosphates i.e., 38.37 while total solid were 14.13 followed by chlorides 9.06 and silicates 6.81. Amplification of these parameters was Nitrates 45.83 times, Phosphates 2722.22 times, Chlorides 7.2 times, Silicates 10.9 times, Total Solids 1.83 times and Oxidisable Organic Matter 4.43 times. Highest amplification was exhibited by Phosphates i.e., 2722.22 times. This is due to untreated sewage entry directly into the Lake. The toxic and stinking smell emitting out causes threat to the environment and health. The Lake is eutrophic and turned into a stagnant drainage/sewage pit. In another 50 years of time the Lake Banjara may completely disappear.

Keywords:
Lake Banjara, Rate of Accumulation, Amplification, Eutrophic, Verge of Death.

2012

Water Quality of Nadimi Lake, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Abstract:
The waters of Lake Nadimi which were mainly used for irrigation is now used only for fish culture and recreation purpose. This is due to human encroachment with number of housing colonies on its catchment area. In the present investigation certain water quality parameters were analyzed for a period of one year (Aug 2011 to Jan 2012). These include pH, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Free CO2 & Alkalinity. The study also revealed that pH is decreasing i.e., from 8.8 in 1980; 8.7 in 1998 to 8.45 in 2012. Free CO2 which was absent in 1980 increased to 303 mg/I in 2012. This may be due to phytoplankton/algal community respiration and decomposition at the bottom sediment.

Keywords:
Nadimi Lake, Water Quality.

Cadmium Contamination in Ground Water of Patancheru Industrial Area, Medak District A.P. India.

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Abstract:
Cadmium levels in ground water samples (bore wells) of residential colonies located in industrial area of Patancheru Station I and Ramachandrapuram Station II were estimated according to APHA, 1995. Samples were collected once every month for a period of one year from Sept. 1998 to Aug. 1999 from the two sampling stations. The Cadmium content ranged from 0.01 mg/l to 0.28 mg/l with an average value of 0.13 mg/l in Station I while in Station II the recorded range was 0.02 mg/l to 0.26 mg/l with an average value of 0.10 mg/l. The seasonal variations observed during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period in Station I is 0.10 mg/l and 0.15 mg/l, while in Station II the concentrations recorded were 0.06 mg/l and 0.11 mg/l. The quality of the samples was assessed with regard to Cadmium level with drinking water standards of WHO & BIS because the ground water is used for drinking purposes. It is observed that the samples from the two stations exceeded the permissible limit given by BIS and WHO gastro-intestinal upsets. Anaemia to hypertension were reported.

Keywords:
Cadmium, Groundwater, Contamination, Health Effects, Industrial Area.

2010

Romeria and Stichosiphon - A New Report

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Abstract:
Romeria and Stichosiphon are blue green algae. Romeria belongs to the family Osciallatoriaceae. Trichomes are short and cells are cylindrical with rounded poles. Stichosiphon belongs to the family Dermocarpaceae. The cells surrounded by a gelatinous sheath and it is an unicellular alga. Stichosiphon which is reported as an epiphytic alga by Smith (1950) and Desikachary (1958). In the present study occured as free floating phankton. Both Cyanophyta members are reported for the first time from the Botanical Garden Lake-Madhapur, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

Keywords:
Romeria, Stichosiphon, Hyderabad.

Tri-Algal Bloom in Residency Pond of Hyderabad

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Abstract:
The ecology of Tri-algal bloom, Chlamydomonas, Volvox and Euglena were studied in relation to certain chemical parameters in a circular pond located in the Begum's Garden of the present Osmania University College for Women Koti, Hyderabad. Alkaline and nitrate rich waters favoured the growth of the bloom.

Keywords:
Tri-algal bloom, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Euglena.

2009

Nitrates in the Ground Water of Patancheru Industrial Area, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Abstract:
Ground water samples (bore wells) used as drinking water in Patancheru and Ramachandrapuram Industrial Areas near Hyderabad, were analysed for Nitrite, Nitrate & Phosphates for a period of two years (September I997 to August 1999). The Nitrite & Phosphate levels were found to be in traces. The nitrate level ranged from 12.40 mg/l to 55.89 mg/l with an average value of 36.55 in Station-I samples while in Station-II the values ranged from 14.88 mg/l to 52.09 mg/l with an average value of 34.68 mg/l. The quality of the samples were assessed with drinking water standards by WHO (1984) & BIS (1983), as the ground water is used for drinking purpose. The samples of the two stations were found to be beyond the drinking water standard of WHO Seasonal variations recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon are 33.48 mg/l to 41.17 mg/l in Station-I & 34.19 mg/l to 39.77 mg/l in Station-II. The increase observed in nitrate concentration during the post monsoon is attributed to the leaching from the soil. In the two years of analysis, it was noticed that the nitrate levels in the ground water increased in the second year indicating the increasing pollution of the ground water day by day.

Keywords:
Nitrite, Nitrate, Phosphate, Ground Water, Medak District.

Rhizosphere Mycoflora of Euphorbia Geniculata and Euphorbia Hirta

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Abstract:
In the present study about 47 fungal spices were isolated from the rhizosphere of two genera of the family of Euphorbiaceae. More number of fungal species was recorded in the rhizosphere when compared to Non-rhizosphere soils.

Keywords:
Rhizosphere, Non-Rhizosphere, Euphorbia Geniculata and Euphorbia Hirta.

2007

Elemental Analysis of Certain Plants Growing Around Manjira Reservoir, India

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Abstract:
Plant analysis is an essential part in making the nutrient budgets of the ecosystem. In the present study Euphorbia hirta Linn, Ruellia tuberosa Linn, Trianthema portulacastrum Linn growing in the peripheral regions of Manjira Reservoir were analysed for chloride, fluoride calcium and magnesium. Among the three plants analysed around Manjira Reservoir Euphorbia hirta Linn absorbed maximum content of chlorides and magnesium while Ruellia tuberosa Linn absorbed highest calcium content.

Keywords:
Water quality, plant analysis, chloride, fluoride, calcium and magnesium.

Fluorides in Groundwater and its Impact on Health

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Abstract:
Fluoride is a naturally occurring toxic mineral present in drinking water and causes yellowing of teeth, tooth problems etc. Fluorspar, Cryolite and Fluorapatite are the naturally occurring minerals, from which fluoride finds its path to groundwater through infiltration. In the present study two groundwater samples, Station I and Station II at Hyderabad megacity, the capital of Andhra Pradesh were investigated for one year from January 2001 to December 2001. The average fluoride values were 1.37 mg/l at Station I and 0.91 mg/I at Station II. The permissible limit given by BIS (1983) 0.6-1.2 mg/I and WHO (1984) 1.5 mg/I for fluoride in drinking water. The groundwaters at Station I exceeded the limit while at Station II it was within the limits. The study indicated that fluoride content of 0.5 mg/I is sufficient to cause yellowing of teeth and dental problems.

Keywords:
Fluorides, Groundwater, Yellowing of Teeth.

Geo -Chemical Analysis of Groundwater of Hyderabad, India

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Abstract:
The quality of ground waters based on certain chemical parameters like pH, Chlorides, Nitrates and phosphates were analysed during the study period . Seasonal variations in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons were observed. The suitability of these parameters with the drinking waters standard given by WHO (1984) and ISI (1983) have been discussed.

Keywords:
pH, Chlorides, Nitrates, Phosphates and Groundwater.

Algae Growing on British Residency Soil, Hyderabad, India

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Abstract:
This paper describes the algal flora growing on the soil of historic British Residency which is preserved as world monument located in the heart of Hyderabad city. It is interesting to note that five species of Oscillatoria i.e., Oscillatoria annae, Oscillatoria princeps, Oscillatoria proboscidea, Oscillatoria foreaui, Oscillatoria acuminate, Trichodesmium erythraeum and Lyngbya nigra belonging to the order Oscillatoriales were found growing luxuriantly. Along with the above members Scytonema zelleriamum belonging the order Cytonematales was also associated.

Keywords:
Algae, Residency soil.

2006

Algae Growing On The Old Residency Wall Of A College

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Abstract:
The paper describes the lithophytic flora growing on the hundred and ten years old damp walls of historic British residency situated in a college. Algal members belonging to the order Chroococcales were represented by Chroococcus turgidus, Gloeocapsa magma, Gloeocapsa livida, Synechocystis, Gloeothece and Coelosphaerium. The Order Oscillatoriales was represented by Oscillatoria angusta and Romeria.

Heavy Metals in the Ground Waters of Some Areas of Hyderabad

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Abstract:
The ground water quality of Hyderabad has been examined with reference to heavy metals contamination. Twenty-four samples were collected during pre and post monsoon seasons in 2001 and analysed for various heavy metals. The heavy metals in ground waters were mostly below the prescribed maximum permissible limits in all the samples. The concentration of zinc, lead and chromium were found well within the permissible limits in all the samples of Hyderabad district.

Elemental Analysis of Certain Plants Growing around Osman Sagar Lake, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

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Abstract:
The chemical analysis of the plants has emerged as an important tool for an agriculturist for determining the nutrient deficiencies and metabolic discrepancies under certain circumstances. In the present study Ceropegia pusilla Wight, Parthenium hysterophorus Linn, Corchorus acutangulus Linn growing in the pheripheral regions of lake Osman Sagar were analysed for chloride, fluoride, calcium and magnesium. Among the three plants Corchorus acutangulus Linn absorbed maximum content of calcium and magnesium while Ceropegia pusilla Wight absorbed highest chloride content.

Keywords:
Water quality, plant analysis, chloride, fluoride, calcium and magnesium.

Man's Impact on Manjira Reservoir, Sanga Reddy, Andhra Pradesh

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Abstract:
Hyderabad is the sixth largest metropolis in India endowed with many major and minor water bodies. Historically many of the impoundments were created mainly for the purpose of drinking and irrigational water needs. However with the passage of time these water bodies underwent a gradual change in the utility pattern from drinking and irrigation to washing, bathing and recreational purposes by the urban sprawl around the lakes. For the past 20 years the Manjira Reservoir has undergone a vast change due to extensive agriculture, washing of cattle and domestic animals and washing of clothes in its catchment. Due to environmental stress the lake underwent major changes in physiography and chemical nature. In the present research work the Manjira reservoir are subjected to anthropogenic activities like agriculture, use of fertilizers which resulted in eutrophication and degradation of chemical parameters like chlorides, magnesium. Total dissolves solids, Phosphates, Nitrites and nitrates. The percentage of rates of accumulation of these factors per year were observed to be 75.88%, 3.41%, 1.29%, 12.708%, 220.60%, and 7.739%. The Reservoir can be conserved by growing green belt around it.

Keywords:
Manjira Reservoir, Anthropogenic activities, Eutrophication.

Algal Flora of Banjara and Nadimi Lakes

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Abstract:
One hundred and sixteen taxa of algae have been recorded from the two water bodies i.e., Banjara and Nadimi located in Hyderabad Megacity, capital of Andhra Pradesh. The two lakes are eutrophic and are dominated by Cyanophycean & Bacillariophycean members. However high species diversity was exhibited by Chlorophycean members.

Keywords:
Algal Flora, Banjara Lake, Nadimi Lake.

Limnology of Botanical Garden Lake - Madhapur

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Abstract:
The water quality of Madhapur Botanical Oatden Lake was studied in relation to certain chemical param­eters. The waters were alkaline and harboured the growth of Romeria, Stichosiphon, Chlorella and Trachetomonas.

Keywords:
Water quality, Alkaline waters, Phytoplankton.

Interesting Bryophyte Findings from Hyderabad British Residency - A New Report

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Abstract:
The bryoflora consists of different mosses belonging to various orders, such as Isobryales and Hypnobryales from Hyderabad British Residency. Morphological characters, distributional pattern, and structural details were studied. Various ecological parameters like temperature and humidity were evaluated. Plants were fertile with distinct sporophytes.

Keywords:
Drepanocladus exannulatus, Brachythecium albicans, Macromitrium assamicum.

Bryoflora From Hyderabad British Residency - A New Report

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Abstract:
The bryoflora consists of different mosses belonging to bryidae of various orders, such as Pottiales, Grimmiales and Fissidentales from Hyderabad British Residency. Distributional pattern, taxonomical notes and structural details and ecological parameters like temperature and humidity were studied.

Keywords:
Fissidens taxifolius, Grimmia pulvinata, Grimmia trichophylla, Grimmia doniana, Pottia lanceolata, Tortula subulata.

Human Impact on Two Hyderabad Lakes

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Abstract:
Hyderabad is purely an urban district in Andhra Pradesh with 100%, urban population. The growing population of Hyderabad with increasing number of housing colonies is responsible for severe mess being applied on water bodies. Lake Banjara and Lake Nadimi are subjected to encroachment, entry of domestic sewage and other anthropogenic activities like washing clothes, bathing etc. have resulted in high silting, sedimentation and progressive degradation of chemical parameters like Nitrates, Phosphates, Chlorides and Silicates significantly. The estimated percentage of rates of accumulation of these factors per year were observed to be 200%, 26.6%, 98.9% and 30.1% in Lake Banjara and 3.75%, 6.6%, 64.6% and 28.2% in Lake Nadimi, respectively leading to gross eutrophication and silting of the lakes. This endangers the very existence of lakes which can be conserved by growing green belt around each lake and not allowing sewage disposal into these water bodies.

Keywords:
Encroachment, Domestic sewage, Silting, Anthropogenic activities, Eutrophication.

2005

Symploca - A New Report

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Abstract:
Symploca is a blue green alga. Trichome single in a thin sheath, filaments at first prostrate, later mostly forming erect bundles, sheath firm or later gelatinizing, end cell not capitate. Cells longer than broad. Filaments mostly in erect bundles.

Keywords:
Slmploca, Hormogone, Damp wall.

Life Cycle of a Moss Sterodon - A New and Interesting Report from Hyderabad British Residency

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Abstract:
The present study deals with a terrestrial moss Sterodon sp Broth, I.C., belongs to order Hypnobryales of the family Hypnaceae. Shoots are radially symmetrical, flattened, leaves ovate-lanceolate, non bordered cells smooth. This was found growing on the tree trunk and branches of Eugenia Jambolana located in the botanical garden of Osmania University College for Women, Koti, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Special emphasis has been made on morphological characters, structural details and factors responsible for growth and propagation to understand the life cycle of the moss. Plants are very fertile with distinct sporophytes which is divisible into foot, seta and capsule. Various stages of spore maturation and dispersal was observed .

Keywords:
Sterodon sp, Moss, Eugenia jambolana.

2004

Silica Content of Two Hyderabad Lakes, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Abstract:
This paper deals with the silica content of two lakes, Banjara and Nadimi, located in Hyderabad city. Particulate fraction of silica reported as SiO2 which constituted less than 25% of total silica content, suggested that the former underwent fast decomposition in both the lakes. A clear relationship was apparent between the enlargement of the diatom population and the consumption of dissolved SiO2.

Keywords:
Total Silica, Particulate Silica, Dissolved Silica, Diatom populations.

Chemical and Microbial Quality of Different Types of Drinking Water of Hyderabad, Hi-Tech City. A.P., India

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Abstract:
An examination of certain chemical and microbial parameters of various drinking water samples of Hyderabad Hi-tech city was carried out to assess their hygienic quality and impact in human health. Three different types of drinking water sources were identified i.e. well, bore well and piped municipal water supply. It was observed that chemical components like HCO3, Cl, NO3, and PO4 had a direct effect on the bacterial and fungal population of the water samples. Consuming well water containing more number of bacteria led to dysentery and diarrhoea, while bore well water having more fungal members led to throat, ear and scalp infections.

Keywords:
Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Chlorides, Nitrates, Bacteria, Fungi, Drinking water.

Limnological Study of Durgam Cheruvu

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Abstract:
Water quality plays an important role in the survival and distribution of aquatic organisms. It is dependent on physical, chemical, microbiological and aquatic plants. Present investigation was carried out to study various physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton of Durgam Cheruvu. Quantitative distribution of Microcystis, Trachelomonas and Microspora were investigated. The waters are eutrophic and are exhibited by the presence of Microcystis and Eichhornia crassipes.

Keywords:
Durgam Cheruvu, Water Quality, Phytoplankton, Eichhornia Crassipes.

Ionic Composition of Two Fresh Water Lakes

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Abstract:
Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, CO3--, HCO3, Cl- and SO4-- were studied in the lakes Banjara and Nadimi situated in Hyderabad, the Capital city of Andhra Pradesh. While the anions were estimated for two years, the cations were recorded only during the second year of investigation. The lakes were several times richer than the World freshwater hardwaters in all the ions individually and collectively. This was not unexpected since they were polluted on one side and were subjected to excessive evaporation on the other. Excessive summer evaporation led to accumulation of Cl- faster than SO4--. With the passage of time Cl- may supercede SO4-- permanently and, with the further progress of trophy Cl- and SO4-- may supersede CO3-- to make them sulphatochloride waters.

Keywords:
Salinity, Electrical Conductivity, Sulphatochloride Waters.

Chlorides in Banjara and Nadimi Lakes

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Summary:
The ecological significance of Cl- lies in its potentiality to regulate osmotic and salinity balance of water. Freshwaters normally contain about 8.3 mg/I of Cl- but it may vary greatly under influence of industrial and sewage inputs. For the same reasons it increased in Lake Erie by three-fold in 50 years (Ownbey & Kee, 1967) and in Hussain Sagar as high a concentration as 128 mg/l in last 20 years (Zafar et al., 1976). In the present investigation, the chloride content of Banjara and Nadimi lakes located in Hyderabad megacity was studied.

Keywords:
Chlorides, Sodium, Sulphates, Electrical Conductance.

Fluoride Distribution in the Groundwater of Ramachandrapuram and Patancheru Areas, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Abstract:
Study on the fluoride levels in groundwater (bore wells), used for drinking purpose, has been carried out from Ramachandrapuram and Patancheru areas in Medak district of Andhra Pradesh., India. Fluoride concentration in the groundwater ranged from 0.8mg/I to 1.90mg/l with an average of 1.23 mg/I and 1.25mg/I in both Ramachandrapuram and Patancheru areas. Health effects like dental fluorosis and joint pains were observed among children, teenagers, middle and old aged people in the study area.

Keywords:
Flouride , Drinking Water, Groundwater, Dental Fluorosis, Joint Pain.

Pithophora Mat in a Rectangular Pond

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Abstract:
The paper presents the ecology of the Polyalgal bloom which consisted of Pithophora mat along with Oscillatoria, Chlorococcum, Euglena and Phacus. Alkaline waters, moderate temperature, NO3- and PO4-, favoured the rapid spread of Pithophora mat, along with Chlorococcum and Oscillatoria. Alkaline waters, bicarbonates and nitrates favoured the multiplication of Euglena and Phacus. When the Pithophora mat and other algae (Polyalgal bloom) disappeared increase in organic matter, total hardness and Cl- were observed.

Keywords:
Pithophora, Polyagal Bloom, Physico-chemical Parameters.

2003

Ecological Studies on Chlorococcum Bloom

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Abstract:
The ecology of unialgal bloom, Chlorococcum was studied in relation to certain physico­-chemical variables. Various factors responsible for bloom formation are discussed. Alkaline waters favoured the algal growth. Increase of Cl-, PO4--- and dissolved oxygen were observed when the bloom declined.

Keywords:
Chlorococcum Bloom, Ecology.

2001

Fluoride Distribution in the Groundwater of Hyderabad City, Andhra Pradesh

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Abstract:
The Fluoride concentration in the groundwater around Hyderabad City varied between 0.25 mg/I to 2.0 mg/I. The groundwater of these locations are being used for drinking purposes. It is evident that more than 0.5 mg/I of Fluoride in drinking water causes yellowing of teeth, dental cavities and joint pains in the consumer.

Keywords:
Fluoride, Groundwater, Yellowing of Teeth, Dental Cavities, Joint Pains, Hyderabad City.

1998

Quality Analysis of Bottled and its Source Water, A Study on Water Quality Assessment

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Abstract:
Quality of bottled water has been investigated with respect to a number of important physicochemical parameters like pH, hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, nitrates, fluorides and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The estimated parameters were within permissible limits as recommended by W.H.O. and I.S. The bottled water quality was compared with source ground water to find the extend of treatment essential for using groundwater for drinking purpose.

Keywords:
Bottled Water, Source Water, Water Quality.

Bacterial Status in Various Types of Drinking Waters of Hyderabad City

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Abstract:
Present study revealed highest bacterial numbers in well water, followed by borewell water. However, their number is within the permissible limits given by WHO, 1985, in muni­cipal water. High concentration of nitrates and calcium favoured the growth of bacteria in well and borewell waters.

Keywords:
Drinking Water, Bacterial Population, Nutritional Factors.

1996

Fluoride Content in Drinking Waters around Hyderabad City

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Abstract:
The fluoride content of the drinking water was found to be high (0.8 mg/L) in well waters while it was slightly on lower side in the bore wells (0.6 mg/L). The results clearly indicate that the concentration of fluorides in well, bore well and municipal water (supplied through piped distribution system) is within the permissible limit of less than 1 ppm. Further, it is also evident that more than 0.5 mg/L of fluoride in drinking water causes yellowing of teeth in school children.

Keywords:
Fluorides, Potable Waters, Yellowing of Teeth.

Distribution of Organic Matter in Two Fresh Water Lakes Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

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Abstract:
The data on which present paper is based was collected over a period of one year, September 1994 to August 1995, to study the distribution of organic matter in two fresh water lakes lying in the vicinity of Hyderabad, India. The organic carbon in water is composed of a variety of organic compounds in various oxidation states. Some of these organic compounds can be oxidised further by biological and chemical processes. The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is used as a measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter content of the sample that is susceptible to oxidation by strong chemical oxidants.

In the present investigation, two nutrients i.e. Nitrates and Phosphates are taken into consideration which also indicate organic enrichment of these water bodies. The two lakes fall into eutrophic category (Wetzel, 1975; Bowen, 1966; Zafar, 1964 and Johnson, 1983). The range of COD was 4.1 to 9.2 mg/L with an average of 6.96 mg/L in Banjara and 1.9 to 8.2 with average of 6.24 mg/L in Nadimi lake. In both the water bodies the NO3 peak preceeded the COD peak in winter season that clearly indicated that ambient Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels were sufficient to oxidise both organic carbon and oxygen.

Keywords:
Organic matter/COD, Nitrates, Phosphates.

1992

Iron-complex of Banjara and Nadimi Lakes

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Abstract:
This paper discusses the Fe-content of two small freshwater lakes, Banjara and Nadimi, in the vicinity of Hyderabad, India. Dissolved Fe constituted about 12% of total Fe in Nadimi and 25% in Banjara. The concentrations of dissolved and particulate fractions were well within the range recorded by Livingston (1963). Apparently water had the potential to sustain still higher quantities of dissolved Fe but for pH-restrictions which never went below seven. Another factor which did not allow the entry of Fe into dissolved state was dissolved organic matter.

1991

Calculated Volumes of Fresh Water Phytoplankton

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Abstract:
The paper enlists the calculated volumes of certain species of phytoplankton encountered in two freshwater bodies i.e. Banjara and Nadimi located in Hyderabad the capital of Andhra Pradesh. With the magnitude of variability in cell volumes of the same species encountered in another part of India, i.e. Lake Manasbal in Kashmir, the author is tempted to and infers that ecophenes and ecotypes do exist in nature which in turn help in the distributional pattern of phytoplankton.

Keywords:
Calculated Volumes, Phytoplankton, Ecophenes, Ecotypes, Distribution.

Phosphate Content in Two Fresh Water Lakes

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Abstract:
Banjara and Nadimi, the two lakes selected for the study, though small in dimensions, are the important components of the water system of the Hyderabad Development Area. The paper presents the phosphate content of the above mentioned lakes PO4--- was never depleted completely during the period of observation. It exhibited an inverse relationship with turbidity of water in Banjara and a direct one in Nadimi. The behaviours of PO4--- and Fe were related with oxidizable organic matter.

Keywords:
Phosphate, Turbidity, Iron, Organic Matter.

Nitrogen Content of Two Freshwater Lakes

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Abstract:
The present paper brings to light the total nitrogen content of two freshwater lakes situated in the vicinity of Hyderabad. Three different forms of inorganic nitrogen i.e. Nitrates, Nitrites and Ammonia along with the organic form of nitrogen i.e. Albuminoid Ammonia were estimated separately. The rise in the concentration of NO3 was occasionally brought about by N2-fixing blue-greens which multiplied invariably when water was N2 deficient. The highest peaks of albuminoid-NH3 were reached only after the active multiplication of blue-greens in general and N2-fixers in particular statistically the interdependence of inorganic and organic nitrogen was highly significant at 0.001 level of probability.

Keywords:
NO3, NO2, NH3, Alb, NH3, Nitrogen Species, Blue-greens, Lakes.

1990

A Study of Manganese in Two Fresh Water Lakes

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Abstract:
The paper discusses the manganese complex of two fresh water lakes lying in the vicinity of Hyderabad. Total Mn, Soluble Mn including both organic and inorganic fractions and total inorganic Mn comprising of particulate and dissolved fractions were estimated separately. The data indicated that all these forms were inter-related and the positive correlation coefficients amongst various forms were highly significant at 0.001 level of probability. The month-wise fluctuation in the total Mn content of water were also found to be syncronised with the periodicities of Schroederia setigera and certain species of diatoms and euglenoids.

Keywords:
Manganese, Fresh Water, Lakes.

1988

Total Solids Content in Two Fresh Water Lakes

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Abstract:
Two freshwater lakes, Banjara and Nadimi, were taken up for ecological inve­stigation, over a span of two years. Dissolved solids constituted 70-74% of the total solid contents and a parallelism existed amongst dissolved solids, Cl-, SO4-- and P04--.

Keywords:
Suspended Solids, Dissolved Solids, Total Solids.

1983

Production Efficiencies of Two Small Lakes Situated in Hyderabad Development Area

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Abstract:
The paper deals with the production study of two small lakes - Banjara and Nadimi - lying in the vicinity of Hyderabad metropolis. The former is an interception of a canal that connects two economically important and big lakes­ Osman Sagar and Hussain Sagar. Nadimi is not a part of this water system and lies in isolation in a suburban area. It is by and large free from human interference and industrial pollution. Nadimi with greater percentages of N and P harboured a denser phytoplankton community and showed a greater biomass average though comparatively less in production efficiency. Contrastingly Banjara where biomass of phytoplan­kton was less, was comparatively more efficient photosynthetically. Productivity apparently depended on size of phytoplankters rather than their collective biomass. The paper concludes that trophic status of a lake is better indicated by mean size of the organisms rather than the other criteria suggested so far.

Keywords:
Indian Lakes, Phytoplankton Biomass, Production Efficiency, Trophicstatus.